什么是供应链管理?(你的供应链管理指南)

What is supply chain management (SCM)?\n

Supply chain management is the process of delivering a product from raw material to the consumer. It includes supply planning, product planning, demand planning, sales and operations planning, and supply management.

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Why is supply chain management important?

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Focusing supply chain management on strategic activities can have a positive impact that resounds throughout the business. There are two core areas where supply chain processes and procedures can contribute to business results: customer happiness and ROI.

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Happy customer = happy business = higher performance

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In January 2018, Tobin Moore from Optoro pointed out this striking statistic at Retail’s Big Show: If a customer is happy with the way their return process was handled, they’re 71 percent more likely to become a repeat customer.

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A smooth return process means an effective supply chain, one that’s well connected and involves communication along the chain. When the supply chain meets or exceeds the expectations of the customer, it’s because of efficiencies. The entire business benefits through higher-order rates, positive sentiment in the customer’s mind, and lower cost-to-serve for the business.

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Higher performance = more cost efficiency = higher pressure?

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Higher performance is measured in terms of the efficiency of all processes and people to move goods and services to market along the supply chain.

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Increased supply chain efficiency can translate to pressure on the team and their capabilities, as costs and budgets are held flat or reduced when they’re expected to move the same or a greater volume of product at the same or a higher quality level.

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Improvements to profits for the business are measured via metrics like working capital turnover or cash conversion performance; as business health improves, profitable cash management and revenue conversion are the result. Flattening the cost curve often becomes a challenge unless two factors are considered: new capabilities (process and data) that drive faster, higher-quality decisions; and using a tool that scales favorably for the value it delivers for the business.

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What is the supply chain management process?

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The supply chain management process is composed of four main parts: demand management, supply management, S&OP, and product portfolio management.

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1. Demand management

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Demand management consists of three parts: demand planning, merchandise planning, and trade promotion planning.

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• Demand planning is the process of forecasting demand to make sure products can be reliably delivered. Effective demand planning can improve the accuracy of revenue forecasts, align inventory levels with peaks and troughs in demand, and enhance profitability for a particular channel or product.
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• Merchandise planning is a systematic approach to planning, buying, and selling merchandise to maximize the return on investment (ROI) while simultaneously making merchandise available at the places, times, prices, and quantities that the market demands.
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• Trade promotion planning is a marketing technique to increase demand for products in retail stores based on special pricing, display fixtures, demonstrations, value-added bonuses, no-obligation gifts, and other promotions. Trade promotions help drive short-term consumer demand for products normally sold in retail environments.
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2. Supply management

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Supply management is made up of five areas: supply planning, production planning, inventory planning, capacity planning, and distribution planning.

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• Supply planning determines how best to fulfill the requirements created from the demand plan. The objective is to balance supply and demand in a manner that achieves the financial and service objectives of the enterprise.
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• Production planning addresses the production and manufacturing modules within a company. It considers the resource allocation of employees, materials, and of production capacity.
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• Production/supply planning consists of:\n
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  • Supplier management and collaboration
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  • Production scheduling
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• Inventory planning determines the optimal quantity and timing of inventory to align it with sales and production needs.
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• Capacity planning determines the production staff and equipment needed to meet the demand for products.
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• Distribution planning and network planning oversees the movement of goods from a supplier or manufacturer to the point of sale. Distribution management is an overarching term that refers to processes such as packaging, inventory, warehousing, supply chain, and logistics.
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3. Sales and operations planning (S&OP)

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• Sales and operations planning (S&OP) is a monthly integrated business management process that empowers leadership to focus on key supply chain drivers, including sales, marketing, demand management, production, inventory management, and new product introduction.
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• With an eye on financial and business impact, the goal of S&OP is to enable executives to make better-informed decisions through a dynamic connection of plans and strategies across the business. Often repeated on a monthly basis, S&OP enables effective supply chain management and focuses the resources of an organization on delivering what their customers need while staying profitable.
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4. Product portfolio management

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Product portfolio management is the process from creating a product idea to market introduction. A company must have an exit strategy for its product when it reaches the end of its profitable life or in case the product doesn’t sell well.

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Product portfolio management includes:

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• New product introduction
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• End-of-life planning
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• Cannibalization planning
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• Commercialization and ramp planning
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• Contribution margin analysis
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• Portfolio management
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• Brand, portfolio, and platform planning
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5. Supply chain management best practices

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To succeed in a growing global market, you need a supply chain that’s connected from start to finish, across your enterprise and beyond. Here are five steps we recommend to achieve connected supply chain planning.

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1. Make the move to real-time supply chain planning
   \nWhen using ERP systems and spreadsheets for planning, companies typically rely only on historical data, resulting in little wiggle room for changes should any disruptions occur in demand or supply. For example, based on the previous year’s numbers, a company can estimate the number of products it will sell in the next quarter. But what if a massive hurricane destroys a key distribution center, leading to too little supply on the shelves? With Anaplan’s real-time connected supply chain planning solution, you can create “what-if” scenarios and plan more effectively so you’re ready when disruptions occur.
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2. Unify supply chain planning with enterprise planning
   \nA vital second step is connecting traditionally siloed supply chain planning to sales and operations planning and financial planning. Companies can benefit from synchronizing their short-term operational planning with their wider business planning processes to make real-time updates to inventory forecasts and supply. Deploying real-time S&OP solutions that enable enterprise-wide collaboration means that key stakeholders across the business can create new scenarios and quickly assess how to use their resources to optimize profitability when an unforeseen event happens.
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3. Anticipate the demand of the end customer
   \nFor consumer packaged-goods companies, anticipating what customers want and when they want it is an ongoing challenge. A solution like Anaplan allows end-to-end visibility across the supply chain and beyond an existing network of wholesalers and retailers to sense demand signals from customers. When changing consumer sentiments can be rapidly identified and changes to demand for the product assessed, the company, partners, and customers benefit from improved profitability, margins, and lead time.
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4. Leverage real-time data across all points of the supply chain
   \nBecause supply chain planning typically involves a myriad of suppliers, channels, customers, and pricing schemes, models can become large and potentially unwieldy—especially when spreadsheets are the primary planning tools. Incorporating a solution that uses real-time data allows planning with great accuracy and reduces the risk of stock-outs or surplus inventory.
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5. Ensure the flexibility to cope with change
   \nWhen technology facilitates efficient planning and quick reactions, disruptions aren’t disruptive because re-planning and re-forecasting is easy—resulting in time and money saved and increased profitability.
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Important Supply chain trends

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What will the supply chain look like in the future? Here are a few key trends in supply chain management.

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Artificial intelligence and machine learning

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History-based forecasting is used to drive supply chain planning, but artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are primed to change that forever. AI- and ML-based predictive models will transform processes like demand sensing, shaping, and orchestration, as well as supply planning. AI will begin to drive dynamic pricing, and new product introductions will be based on predictive market intelligence. AI and ML will also drive new models for product promotions management, as well as responses to disruptions in the supply chain. AI and ML predictions will play a key role in the future of supply chain operations and have a transformative effect on other business processes.

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Regulatory challenges and security risks

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With the continued risk of high-profile hacks that compromise the information of millions of consumers, companies will need to raise the standards of their privacy and protection protocols this year. New regulations to protect privacy that go into effect this year, such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), will also affect company operations. Tax reform, Brexit, political instability, oil prices, and resource availability will all require action across the enterprise, including within the supply chain. As a result, supply chain planners will need sophisticated modeling capabilities to plan for all potential scenarios.

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Blockchain and beyond

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Blockchain has already transformed the way trading partner networks collaborate. As 2019 progresses, the technology will continue to remove banks from the picture, leverage cryptocurrency, and distributed ledgers, and enable better collaboration. Blockchain will also play a role in making collaboration a bigger factor in supply chain planning and execution. Track and trace, once a radio frequency identification (RFID)-focused movement, uses sensors and devices across assets and machines and will continue to be used in new ways this year. Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), data will permeate the supply chain and be used to transform processes once it’s analyzed and consumed by AI and ML.

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A dynamic, connected future

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Supply chain managers are always looking for new ways to take advantage of opportunities and to overcome obstacles as the modern supply chain evolves. With a connected supply chain planning approach and the use of new technologies, data is brought together, and more people are integrated into decision-making processes. As the supply chain of the future comes into view, these trends will play a key role in supply chain transformation.

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What is the Digital Supply Chain and how to be successful

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The digital supply chain is the next generation of supply chain management. Companies must recognize that “global digital supply chains” or “the digitalization of supply chains” aligns with the notion that the future of business is heavily rooted in a digital transformation revolution: the blockchain, the internet of things, advanced robotics, and much more. Here are five ways that progressive enterprises are leveraging blockchain for supply chain success.

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• Blockchain for smart contracts: Blockchain unravels the immense complexity and interconnectedness of global digital supply chains. It does this by storing all relevant information in a master ledger (the blockchain). Smart contracts ensure that by storing the terms of a contract in the blockchain and measuring all proposed transactions against it, issues with data redundancy are reduced and trading partners can work together much more efficiently.
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• Blockchain for sustainable and ethical supply chains: When a product (or batch of products) is sourced or created, it can be given a unique identifier that’s encrypted. This identifier can be linked to a token that’s time-stamped and follows the product throughout the supply chain. All of this information is stored on the blockchain, enabling supply chain leaders to make sure it was produced or sourced in an ethical, sustainable manner, while concurrently lending operational efficiencies to the overall process of bringing a product to market. Some companies are also harnessing the power of blockchain to support positive and social-environmental change, such as the opportunity to say “thank you” (in the form of a blockchain token) to people involved in producing the products they buy.
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• Blockchain for better security: Keeping the supply chain secure is a high-stakes issue across enterprises, with valuable inventory and confidential information changing hands at a fast pace across the globe. Because a blockchain ledger is immutable by nature and set up so everyone involved has a complete copy, it’s virtually resistant to hacks and cannot be altered without the sequential permission of pertinent parties. The built-in safeguard of an immutable ledger makes audits easier and data incorruptible. It further decreases the risk of cyber-attacks because it uses a distributed storage system.
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• Blockchain for greater efficiency: Right now, millions of products are traveling across the world via global supply chain operations. These products all have information attached to them, such as origin, destination, serial number, and manufacturer. When blockchain is used, it reduces digital supply chain risk by making it possible to track products through every stage of the journey, and eliminates the need for dedicated software or multiple planners dedicated to monitoring the millions of products traveling through the supply chain.
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• Blockchain for greater efficiency: Because blockchain is immutable and transparent, all parties involved in the digital supply chain can track relevant information to a product and access that information in real-time. This yields a significant boost to supply chain efficiency. Smart contracts help further raise the efficiency bar, as this safeguard can prevent time lost wrangling over contract issues. Because a collection of terms and conditions travel with a product through the supply chain, this prevents recurring searches for blame when disputes over that information arise.
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What skills are needed for supply chain management

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To lead the way into a transformative future, they need to combine technical and business knowledge with collaboration and communication skills. The ability to influence department leaders that partner with supply chain is key, as well as the skills to interact intelligently with leaders across the organization is essential, because supply chain initiatives often reach across business units. And strong business acumen is a must-have—you’ll be more effective working with your counterparts in finance, sales, and marketing if you can speak their lingo. The effective supply chain leader of tomorrow is tech-savvy and comfortable working alongside the world of “machines.”

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When speaking of the potential conflict between man and machine, some have said that artificial intelligence won’t replace managers, but managers who work with AI will replace managers who don’t. This highlights the transformation taking place in supply chain: humanity is essential, but so is technology. It’s not a paradox; it’s the new normal. This leader is digitally dexterous, but also skilled with people. And this leader is a storyteller—digging into the countless layers of the supply chain to find the issues and weaving the right story together to help solve them. The many-faceted role of a supply chain leader is changing as we speak. To thrive in this new world, supply chain professionals should grow their capacities in collaboration, communication, and leadership, and pair those skills with in-depth technical knowledge to become a powerful force for the future of supply chain management software.

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什么是供应链管理?

供应链管理是将产品从原材料送到消费者手中的过程。它包括供应计划、产品计划、需求计划、销售和运营计划以及供应管理。

为什么供应链管理很重要?

将供应链管理的重点放在战略活动上可以对整个企业产生积极的影响。供应链流程和程序可以促进业务结果的两个核心领域:客户满意度和ROI．

满意的顾客=满意的企业=更高的业绩

2018年1月，Optoro的托宾·摩尔(Tobin Moore)在twitter上指出了这一惊人的数据零售业的大秀如果顾客对退货流程的处理方式感到满意，他们成为回头客的可能性会增加71%。

一个顺利的退货流程意味着一个有效的供应链，一个连接良好并涉及到供应链上的沟通的供应链。当供应链达到或超过客户的期望时，这是因为效率。通过更高的订单率，客户心目中的积极情绪以及更低的业务服务成本，整个业务受益。

更高的性能=更高的成本效率=更高的压力?

更高的绩效是根据所有流程和人员的效率来衡量的，这些流程和人员沿着供应链将货物和服务运送到市场。

增加的供应链效率可以转化为对团队及其能力的压力，因为当他们期望以相同或更高的质量水平移动相同或更大数量的产品时，成本和预算保持不变或减少。

企业利润的改善是通过营运资金周转率或现金转换绩效等指标来衡量的;随着企业健康状况的改善，盈利的现金管理和收入转换是结果。除非考虑到两个因素，否则平坦化成本曲线往往会成为一项挑战:推动更快、更高质量决策的新能力(流程和数据);并且使用一种适合其为业务提供的价值的工具。

什么是供应链管理流程?

供应链管理过程由四个主要部分组成:需求管理、供应管理、S&OP和产品组合管理。

1.需求管理

需求管理包括三个部分:需求计划、商品计划和贸易促进计划。

• 需求计划是预测需求以确保产品能够可靠交付的过程。有效的需求计划可以提高收入预测的准确性，使库存水平与需求的高峰和低谷保持一致，并提高特定渠道或产品的盈利能力。
• 商品计划是一种系统的方法，用于计划、购买和销售商品，以最大限度地提高投资回报(ROI)，同时使商品在市场需求的地点、时间、价格和数量上可用。
• 贸易促进计划是一种在零售商店通过特殊定价、陈列装置、演示、增值奖金、免费礼品和其他促销活动来增加对产品需求的营销技巧。贸易促销有助于推动消费者对通常在零售环境中销售的产品的短期需求。

2.供应管理

供应管理由五个方面组成:供应计划，生产计划，库存计划，容量规划，以及分配计划。

• 供应计划决定了如何最好地满足需求计划中创建的需求。目标是以实现企业财务和服务目标的方式平衡供给和需求。
• 生产计划涉及公司内部的生产和制造模块。它考虑了员工、材料和生产能力的资源配置。
• 生产/供应计划包括:
  • 供应商管理与协作
  • 生产调度
• 库存计划确定库存的最佳数量和时间，以使其与销售和生产需求保持一致。
• 产能规划决定了满足产品需求所需的生产人员和设备。
• 分销计划和网络计划监督货物从供应商或制造商到销售点的流动。分销管理是一个包罗万象的术语，涉及包装、库存、仓储、供应链和物流等过程。

3.销售和运营计划(S&OP)

• 销售和运营计划（S&OP)是一个每月一次的综合业务管理过程，它使领导能够专注于关键的供应链驱动因素，包括销售、市场营销、需求管理、生产、库存管理和新产品引入。
• 考虑到财务和业务影响，S&OP的目标是使管理人员能够通过跨业务的计划和战略的动态连接做出更明智的决策。S&OP通常每月重复一次，使有效的供应链管理成为可能，并将组织的资源集中在交付客户所需的产品上，同时保持盈利。

4.产品组合管理

产品组合管理是指从产生产品创意到推向市场的过程。一个公司必须为它的产品制定一个退出策略，当它达到它的盈利生命的尽头或万一产品卖得不好。

产品组合管理包括:

• 新产品介绍
• 临终计划
• 同型装配计划
• 商业化和坡道规划
• 边际贡献分析
• 项目组合管理
• 品牌、产品组合和平台规划

5.供应链管理最佳实践

为了在不断增长的全球市场中取得成功，你需要一个从头到尾连接在一起的供应链，在你的企业内外都是如此。以下是我们推荐的五个步骤互联供应链规划．

1. 进行实时供应链规划
   当使用ERP系统和电子表格进行规划时，公司通常只依赖于历史数据，因此在需求或供应出现任何中断时，几乎没有改变的余地。例如，根据前一年的数字，公司可以估计下一季度将销售的产品数量。但如果一场巨大的飓风摧毁了一个重要的配送中心，导致货架上的供应太少怎么办?使用anplan的实时连接供应链计划解决方案，您可以创建“假设”场景并更有效地进行计划，以便在中断发生时做好准备。
2. 统一供应链规划与企业规划
   至关重要的第二步是将传统上孤立的供应链规划与销售和运营规划以及财务规划联系起来。公司可以从将短期运营计划与更广泛的业务计划流程同步中获益，从而实时更新库存预测和供应。部署实时S&OP解决方案，支持企业范围内的协作，这意味着跨业务的关键利益相关者可以创建新的场景，并在不可预见的事件发生时快速评估如何使用他们的资源来优化盈利能力。
3. 预测最终客户的需求
   为一家包装消费品对于公司来说，预测顾客想要什么，什么时候想要是一个持续的挑战。像anplan这样的解决方案允许整个供应链的端到端可见性，并超越现有的批发商和零售商网络，以感知来自客户的需求信号。当消费者情绪的变化可以被快速识别，并且对产品需求的变化进行评估时，公司、合作伙伴和客户将从提高的盈利能力、利润率和交货时间中受益。
4. 利用供应链上所有点的实时数据
   由于供应链规划通常涉及无数的供应商、渠道、客户和定价方案，模型可能会变得很大，而且可能难以操作——尤其是当电子表格是主要的规划工具时。结合使用实时数据的解决方案，可以非常准确地进行规划，并降低缺货或库存过剩的风险。
5. 确保灵活应对变化
   当技术促进了有效的计划和快速的反应时，中断就不是破坏性的，因为重新计划和重新预测很容易——从而节省了时间和金钱，提高了盈利能力。

重要的供应链趋势

这将是什么?未来供应链的样子？以下是供应链管理的几个关键趋势。

人工智能和机器学习

基于历史的预测被用来推动供应链规划，但人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML)将永远改变这一点。基于人工智能和机器学习的预测模型将改变需求感知、塑造、编排以及供应计划等流程。人工智能将开始推动动态定价，新产品的推出将基于预测市场情报。人工智能和机器学习还将推动产品促销管理的新模式，以及对供应链中断的响应。人工智能和机器学习预测将在未来的供应链运营中发挥关键作用，并对其他业务流程产生变革性影响。

监管挑战和安全风险

随着高调黑客攻击导致数百万消费者信息泄露的风险持续存在，企业今年将需要提高其隐私和保护协议的标准。今年生效的保护隐私的新法规，如《通用数据保护条例》(GDPR)，也将影响公司的运营。税收改革、英国脱欧、政治不稳定、油价和资源可用性都需要整个企业采取行动，包括在供应链中。因此，供应链计划人员将需要复杂的建模能力来计划所有潜在的场景。

区块链及其他领域

区块链已经改变了贸易伙伴网络的合作方式。随着2019年的进展，该技术将继续将银行从图景中移除，利用加密货币和分布式账本，并实现更好的协作。区块链还将在供应链规划和执行中发挥更大的作用，使协作成为更重要的因素。跟踪和追踪，曾经是一个以射频识别(RFID)为重点的运动，在资产和机器上使用传感器和设备，今年将继续以新的方式使用。由于物联网(IoT)，数据将渗透到供应链中，一旦被人工智能和机器学习分析和使用，就会被用来改变流程。

一个充满活力、相互联系的未来

随着现代供应链的发展，供应链管理者总是在寻找新的方法来利用机遇，克服障碍。通过互联供应链规划方法和新技术的使用，数据被汇集在一起，更多的人被纳入决策过程。随着未来供应链的出现，这些趋势将在供应链转型中发挥关键作用。

什么是数字供应链，如何取得成功

数字化供应链是下一代供应链管理的发展方向。企业必须认识到，“全球数字供应链”或“供应链数字化”与这样一种理念是一致的，即商业的未来在很大程度上植根于数字化转型革命:区块链、物联网、先进机器人等等。这里有五种方法先进的企业正在利用区块链为了供应链的成功。

• 智能合约的区块链:区块链揭示了全球数字供应链的巨大复杂性和相互关联性。它通过将所有相关信息存储在总分类账(区块链)中来实现这一点。智能合约确保通过将合约条款存储在区块链中并根据它衡量所有拟议的交易，从而减少数据冗余问题，并使交易伙伴可以更有效地协同工作。
• 可持续和道德供应链的区块链:当采购或创建一个产品(或一批产品)时，可以为其提供一个加密的唯一标识符。这个标识符可以链接到一个带有时间戳的令牌，并在整个供应链中跟踪产品。所有这些信息都存储在区块链上，使供应链领导者能够确保以道德、可持续的方式生产或采购，同时提高将产品推向市场的整个过程的运营效率。一些公司也在利用区块链的力量来支持积极的社会和环境变化，比如有机会(以区块链代币的形式)向参与生产他们购买的产品的人说“谢谢”。
• 区块链提高安全性:在全球范围内，有价值的库存和机密信息以极快的速度易手，保持供应链的安全对企业来说是一个高风险的问题。由于区块链分类帐本质上是不可变的，并且设置为每个参与者都有一个完整的副本，因此它几乎可以抵抗黑客攻击，并且在没有相关方的连续许可的情况下无法更改。不可变分类帐的内置保护使审计更容易，数据也不会损坏。它进一步降低了网络攻击的风险，因为它使用了分布式存储系统。
• 区块链提高效率:现在，数以百万计的产品通过全球供应链运作在世界各地流通。这些产品都附有信息，如原产地、目的地、序列号和制造商。当使用区块链时，它可以通过跟踪产品在旅程的每个阶段来降低数字供应链风险，并且消除了专用软件或多个计划人员专门监控通过供应链的数百万个产品的需要。
• 区块链提高效率:由于区块链是不可变的和透明的，参与数字供应链的所有各方都可以跟踪产品的相关信息并实时访问这些信息。这大大提高了供应链的效率。智能合约有助于进一步提高效率，因为这种保护措施可以防止在合同问题上浪费时间。由于一组条款和条件会随着产品在供应链中流通，这就防止了在对这些信息产生争议时反复追究责任。

供应链管理需要哪些技能

为了引领变革的未来，他们需要将技术和商业知识与协作和沟通技巧结合起来。影响与供应链合作的部门领导的能力是关键，以及与整个组织的领导进行智能交互的技能是必不可少的，因为供应链计划通常涉及跨业务单位。此外，敏锐的商业头脑也是必备的——如果你能说财务、销售和市场营销部门的行话，你将能更有效地与他们共事。未来有效的供应链领导者是精通技术的，并且能够轻松地与“机器”世界一起工作。

在谈到人与机器之间潜在的冲突时，有人说人工智能不会取代管理者，但与人工智能合作的管理者会取代不与人工智能合作的管理者。这凸显了供应链正在发生的转变:人性是必不可少的，但技术也是必不可少的。这不是一个悖论;这是新常态。这位领导者不仅精通数字技术，还善于与人打交道。这个领导者是一个讲故事的人——深入挖掘供应链的无数层次，找到问题，并将正确的故事编织在一起，帮助解决问题。正如我们所说，供应链领导者的多方面角色正在发生变化。为了在这个新世界中茁壮成长，供应链专业人员应该提高他们的协作、沟通和领导能力，并将这些技能与深入的技术知识相结合，成为未来的强大力量供应链管理软件．